Monday, December 23, 2019

The Problem Of Debt Collection - 2307 Words

With the current economic crisis one of the major issues that most consumers are facing is the problem of debts that they have incurred due to many reasons. As I started to do my research on the practices that companies use to collect debts, I discovered that there are so many different types of debts and different companies handle their collections of each debt differently. This topic discusses the practices of debt collection. There are many laws that cover the process of debt collections; most major companies outsource their debt by selling it to these companies. However, there are federal regulations that must be followed when collecting debt. There are so many factors and process involved in collections of debt. There are many different types of debt however normally they first have to fall into two particular categories called â€Å"unsecured† and â€Å"secured debts†. A debt can be secured or unsecured. Unsecured debts are normally credit cards or other debts that consumers did not agree to have the creditors to sell any property of yours, if you are unable not pay it off. An example of secured debts would be mortgages. These are debts that give the creditors the right to sell property if the consumers cannot pay off the debts. The main types of debt are: car loans, student loans, credit cards, and mortgages and medical debts. Each of these types of debts comes with their own advantages and disadvantages. To most people Credit cards are a convenient method ofShow MoreRelatedEssay On Debt Collection933 Words   |  4 PagesDebt Collection Myths Taking A Look At Popular Myths Around the Credit and Collection Industry Overview: If your Delaware business offers credit on goods and services sold, you have to take care of accounts receivable. Eventually, that Delaware business will have to make a decision on how to deal with accounts that are past–due. Although third-party agencies that provide valuable debt collection services when they collect delinquent accounts and in doing so minimize the costs that are passed onRead MoreProblems with Solutions for Practice in Factoring - by Rahul Krishna1614 Words   |  7 PagesFACTORING – PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS 1. [pic] [pic] 2. A company is considering engaging a factor, the following information is available: i) The current average collection period for the Company’s debtors is 80 days and  ½% of debtors default. The factor has agreed o pay money due after 60 days and will take the responsibility of any loss on account of bad debts. ii) The annual charge for the factoring is 2% of turnover payable annually in arrears. Administration cost saving is likelyRead MoreThe Annual Party Debt Collection Industry Is Notorious For Skirting The Federal Rules Of Evidence827 Words   |  4 PagesMEMORANDUM Issue Presented The 3rd party debt collection industry is notorious for skirting the Federal Rules of Evidence and Civil Procedure from the inception of a lawsuit to the granting of a judgment. Since both of these ideas do not generally apply to small claims court, and most defendants of these lawsuits are not represented, this industry has been allowed to run roughshod over the constitutional rights of defendants and clog the small claims court system with cases that would be easily thrownRead MoreAssessing Martin Manufacturings Current Financial Position888 Words   |  4 PagesIndustry Average 2006 | Current Ratio | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 1.5 | Quick Ratio | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 | Inventory Turnover (times) | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 10.2 | Average Collection Period | 50.7 days | 50.8 days | 58.0 days | 46 days | Total Asset Turnover (times) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.0 | Debt Ratio | 45.8% | 54.3% | 57% | 24.5% | Time Interest Earned Ratio | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.5 | Gross Profit Margin | 27.5% | 28% | 27% | 26% | Net Profit Margin | Read MoreChem Med Case1351 Words   |  6 PagesProblem Statement: Chem-Med Company is positioned strongly in its industry to achieve high growth and earn large profits in the future, but it is in need of financing. To secure this financing, Chem-Med must address concerns of potential financers and investors regarding liquidity, efficiency, cash flow, and the need for funding despite apparent growth. In addition, Chem-Med’s primary competitor, Pharmacia, is out-competing the company and stealing valuable market share and sales volume with lowerRead MoreCase 2 Chem Med Company733 Words   |  3 PagesRation=1.98 m. The problem overlooked: Dr. Swan’s banker required a current ratio of 2.25/1 to be MAINTAINED. 4. Using the debt to total assets ratio on pg 63 of the text (Total liabilities is the same as total debts in Figure 2): 2007 Debt to total assets ratio=Total Debt/Total Assets n. 2007 Debt to total assets ratio=614/4491=.14 o. Using same formula 2008 Debt to total assets ratio=.14 p. 2009 Debt to total assets ratio =.14 q. 2010 Debt to total assets ratioRead MoreDo You Feel Like A Slave To Late Payers Case Study725 Words   |  3 Pagespaid on time, every time. Debt collection in antiquity Back in ancient Babylon, the rights of the debtor were somewhat protected, but so were the rights of the creditor. Creditors weren’t allowed to charge interest like today, but they could require work in lieu of payment, which meant working as a slave for the creditor until the debt was paid. During Colonial America, debtors were thrown in prison for failure to pay debts where many starved or froze to death. Debt collection in today’s climate TodayRead MoreA Research Report On The Economy Of A Relaxed Asset Usage Policy1451 Words   |  6 Pagesassumed from the identified ratios that RR is operating in a relaxed asset usage policy. This is due to a lower than industry average in the current, quick, turnover of cash and securities, and inventory turnover, while the DSO identifies a slower collection. b. RR is below the industry average, which can identify that they are less profitable. Due to the less profitable nature of RR, it could be assumed that they have more excessive working capital. According to Borad (2017) companies having relaxedRead MoreEssay On Tax Compliance In Zimbabwe917 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 Introduction This chapter provides background information regarding tax compliance by SMEs in Zimbabwe. The topics covered in the chapter include background of the study, statement of the problem, the objectives of the study, main research question, sub research questions and justification of the study. Other sub-topics covered include significance of the study, delimitations, and limitations of the study and definition of terms. 1.2 Background of the study A study undertaken by a researchRead MoreCase Study: Master Budgeting with Supporting Schedule1723 Words   |  7 Pagescredit, with no discount, and payable within 15 days, however, only 25% of a month’s sales are collected by month-end. An additional 50% is collected in the following month, and the remaining 25% is collected in the second month following sale. Bad debts have been negligible. The company’s monthly selling and administrative expenses are given below: Variable monthly expenses: Sales commissions (per unit) $1.00 Fixed monthly expenses: Wages and salaries $22,000.00 Utilities $14,000.00 Insurance

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Internal Analysis Free Essays

06 Internal Analysis In this part, the report will briefly illustrate the result from analysing the internal environment of CEMEX by supply chain analysis and resources and competences framework and VRIO model. 6. 1 Value Chain Analysis Activities| Resources| Competencies| PrimaryActivities| Supply chain management| | * Good relationships with products suppliers and transportation companies| | Operations| – Internal design| – Import products from Vietnam| | Distribution| – Indirectly: wholesalers, retailers – Stylist packaging| * Knowledgeable salespersons| | Sales and marketing| – Advertising campaigns focus mainly on B2B websites and trade fair| – Effective marketing strategy to differentiate from competitors | | Service| Good relationships with suppliers of different products in Vietnam. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Support team for developing new products and help wholesalers to finding new suppliers for other products in Vietnam, India†¦| SupportActivities| Product RD, Technology and system development| – Market Research and developing new design. | – Rights to copyrights and patents of weaving and designs of carpets/rugs| | Human Resources Management| – 10 employees| * Excellent executive team * Highly skilled employees | | | | | According to threshold/distinctive resources and competencies framework, the defined resources and competencies can be categorized as following: Threshold resources – Distribution system – Opponents’ suppliers – Internal design – Research and development team Threshold resources – Distribution system – Opponents’ suppliers – Internal design – Research and development team Threshold competences * Knowledgeable and enthusiastic staff, especially salespersons – Effective and trusted wholesalers/importers Threshold competences Knowledgeable and enthusiastic staff, especially salespersons – Effective and trusted wholesalers/importers Distinctive resources – Excellent managing team – Sale and marketing team – Strong cash position Distinctive resources – Excellent managing team – Sale and marketing team – Strong cash position Distinctive competences – Strong b rand name – Customer loyalty – Good quality and competitive price products Distinctive competences – Strong brand name – Customer loyalty – Good quality and competitive price products . 2 VRIO Framework Resource/ competency| Valuable? | Rare? | Difficult to imitate? | Exploitable? | Competitive implication| Excellent managing team| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Sustained competitive advantage| Distribution system to wholesalers/retailers| Yes| No| No| Yes| Competitive Parity| Brand/name| Yes| Yes| No| Yes| Temporary competitive advantage| Sales and marketing team| Yes| Yes| No | Yes| Temporary competitive advantage| Customer loyalty| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Sustained competitive advantage| How to cite Internal Analysis, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Management of Change Operational Methods

Question: Discuss about theManagement of Changefor Operational Methods. Answer: Topic 1 Organisational change can be identified as one of the most fundamental strategies to modify the existing management structure, operational methods, and current set of business strategies so that the productivity of the firm will be enhanced over the time (Hughes, 2007). In order to endure success in the contemporary business environment, modern organisations need to adapt latest information technology and strategic intervention to be competitive. Meanwhile, by identifying the drivers of change, an organisation can establish the best management as well as strategic concepts leading towards growth. According to the changing demand of the target demographics as well as the economic condition, the enterprises need to reassign the management model. Precisely, organisational change can improve the standards of business dynamics in the competitive market to stay a step ahead of the competitors. The rapidly changing market and globalisation opportunities have created significant ways to increase growth for a contemporary business organisation. Therefore, in order to develop the organisations market prospect, organisational change management can be recognised as one of the most comprehensive factors (Senior, 2002). Understandably, the management must identify the scope and nature of organisational change leading to organisational development. For instance, each of the modern organisations has valued technological development more than anything else. Meanwhile, by using e-commerce platform, a contemporary business firm such as Coles Supermarket Australia Pty Ltd has made significant changes in the human resources management by including well-trained employees supportive for e-marketing as well as sales. Also, the latest information technology and communication channels have been instrumentally introduced in the management structure leading to organisational change. Hence, exqu isite organisational development can be made by identifying the scale and scope of the organisational change management. Topic 2 According to the research of McKinsey Company, more than 70 percent large organisations fail to effective implement changes as per their desired goals. The primary reasons for the failure are the lack of skills and knowledge, the high pace of implementing change, lack of planning and research, and culture working against change. Hence, it is important for the top level executives to adequately assess the outcomes of the planned changes before implementing them in the operations of the firm (Hughes, 2007). Two examples of the failure of change management have been presented herein below: Old and Narrow Metrics: An excellent example of change program failure is the old and narrow parameters of Nokia. During the success phase of Nokia, it did not consider Samsung and Apple as its competitors. But, when it found that the change is required for the companys survival, it became too late for the organisation to implement changes in its policy (Hughes, 2007). The change process ended up with the sale of the company to Microsoft Corporation. Hence, it is important to have a tight watch on the market and maintain a higher position to implement changes in an appropriate way. Too fast change: Making changes too quickly can be a risky and bold move for an organisation. Nationals board hired a new CEO Brian Halla, who tried to shift the company from low-cost analog semiconductor chip producer to a microprocessor based chips producers for a new age of information appliances (Tobak, 2009). The changes were made too fast that was not acceptable to the employees and its customers. The changes resulted in a loss of billion dollars and made the company start its operations from the beginning. References Hughes, M. (2007). The Tools and Techniques of Change Management.Journal Of Change Management,7(1), 37-49. Hughes, M. (2007). When faculties merge: Communicating change.Journal Of Organisational Transformation Social Change,4(1), 25-38. Senior, B. (2002).Organisational change(1st ed.). Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Tobak, S. (2009). Why Change Management Fails. Cbsnews.com. Retrieved January 2017, from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-change-management-fails/

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Something Strange Happens Every Day Essays - Bob Stookey, King

Something Strange Happens Every Day A man, Bob Johnson, leans on a cold, concrete pillar, silently waiting for the train to take him to work. He waits as he has waited for the past seven years of his monotonous, somewhat mechanical existence. He glances calmly at his wristwatch; thirty-seven minutes past eight o' clock in the morning. ?Damn,? he thinks to himself. ?Oh well, they'll have to let me off,? he mumbles to himself, ?it's the first time I've been late in the seven years I've worked there.? So, Bob slowly makes his way to the edge of the platform so as to get a good seat on the train. Around him, people mill around waiting for the same train Bob waits for. Directly behind him, a fat woman sits on a wooden bench holding her designer label bag in her lap, close to her chest. She is obviously very self-conscious and she glances around nervously. Nearby the fat lady, three African-American guys, aged around 20, dressed in ridiculously oversized clothing, listen to a rap song on a portable stereo. To his left, a businessman and his associate stand underneath a train schedule board discussing some important topic. Near him stands a group of Japanese tourists, looking at a half-folded map, trying to figure out the best route to arrive at their destination. Two of them are in a heated argument, speaking very quickly in Japanese. Bob then catches a glimpse of a crowd of school kids heading towards the platform with their chaperones; they are going on a day-trip to the Natural History Museum. While Bob is lost in his silent study of the Human-Being, the advance warning lights lined along the edge of the platform where there is a six foot drop to the train tracks, warning people that the train will arrive in just a few moments. Everybody hears the high-pitched squeal of metal wheels on metal rails, and a sudden rush of air against his face from the fast moving train brings Bob back to his senses. At this moment everyone waiting for the train; the fat lady, the ?homeboys,? the business associates, the tourists and the school group, in amongst a slew of other interesting people; begin crowding the platform where Bob calmly waits to go to work. In all the rushing, panic, and pushing of people, Bob Johnson, who was waiting calmly to get onto the train, somehow gets jostled by the wave of people and topples over. He falls straight into the middle of the tracks. Chaos. Somebody screams, everybody looks, everybody screams, everybody runs. Bedlam takes over; no one knows quite exactly what to do. Bob, after what seems like an eternity, pushes himself slightly off the ground and spits some blood to the gravel floor. Looking straight at the ground, still gathering his senses, he is abruptly hit with a state of shock and confusion. He hears the growing screeching noise of the trains breaks. He looks up and to his right and sees the train's lights and bulking mass, bearing down on him. At the moment just before impact, and Bob's almost-apparent death, some ones muscular hand grabs him by his arm and pulls him off the path of his surefire demise, leaving only Bob's briefcase to be torn apart by the quick-moving train. Every single last muscle in Bob Johnson's body aches and he can't stop himself from shaking. All he feels is adrenalin pumping through his mind, and his body. He finally gains his senses back, and sits up impulsively, and looks around. A feeling of relief floods through him where the adrenalin once did before. It was only a dream. He is now in the comfort of his own bed, he looks over on his bedside stand, at his alarm clock, it is five o' clock in the morning and the sounds of a city gearing up and preparing for a long day fill his head. He gets up and starts his morning routine. He takes a nice refreshing shower, and eats some almost-burnt toast and drinks a glass of orange juice, just as he has showered and eaten breakfast for the past seven years of his monotonous life. As he is getting dressed into

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Aed 222 Week 7 Appendix C ( Essays

Aed 222 Week 7 Appendix C ( Essays Aed 222 Week 7 Appendix C ( Essay Aed 222 Week 7 Appendix C ( Essay Axia College Material Appendix C Creating a Student Profile for Mock Case Study Apply the information you compiled in Appendix B to create a profile of a student with at least one exceptionality. Compile details about the student within this matrix. You will post the shaded portion in Week Eight for Discussion Question 1 and use the matrix in its entirety for your Final Project. Requirement |Details | |Name, age, and grade of child |Name: Sarah | | |Age: 5 | | |Grade: Kindergarten | |Detailed description of child’s |At home Sarah’s parents speak Spanish but she has an older brother that speaks both | |behavior and interactions at home |English and Spanish. She becomes confused on which language to speak and therefore doesn’t. together, making the sounds of words, and together in a sentence. |Definition and prevalence of | | |exceptionality or exceptionalities |Mild Intellectual Disability | | |Students with mild intellectual disabilities have a measure IQ that is lower than 98% of | | |the school-age population. These students have adaptive behavior skills that are | | |significantly below average. Adaptive behavior includes conceptual, social, and practical | | |skills that people learn so that they can function in their everyday lives. | | | | |Reasons for classification | | | |Sarah lacks the basics speech skills needed to communicate properly. With help from a | | |speech therapist, Sarah can overcome her speech problems. | |Possible management plan (associated| | |effective educational practices, |Speech therapy and a preschool Program for Children with Disabilities (PPCD). This would | |behavior management, assistive |help her develop her language skills at the pace she feels comfortable with. | |technology, and accommodations) | |

Friday, November 22, 2019

Alexander the Great Summary 16 Essay

man who portrayed outstanding leadership qualities was Alexander of Macedonia, more commonly referred to as Alexander the Great. Alexander gained control of the Macedonian empire and led his men to victory by conquering the Persian Empire. Not only did his conquest enhance his overall image as a great military leader, but the characteristics he developed throughout his lifetime also played a role in his tremendous success. Although Alexander encountered many obstacles throughout his conquests, he†¦ Alexander, son of King Philip II of Macedon, is known as Alexander the Great. However, was he truly great? One may look at his many accomplishments to decide if he deserves the title. Sometimes character is the test of determining if a man is great. Alexander meets both standards with his philosophic background, conquering abilities, victories in battle, and outstanding accomplishments; therefore, he truly meets his title as Alexander the Great Alexander was born in 356 B.C. to King Philip II f†¦ of the Book â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander†. Arrian was highly educated as a Greek citizen who born in a wealthy family. He has been famous since the Roman Period (27 BC –) as a philosopher who developed and extended his master Epictetus’ philosophy; a good governor of Roman cities Andalusia and Cappadocia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (AD 117-38); a remarkable historian who accomplished many influential historian works such as The Campaigns of Alexander. There are many ancient sources†¦ Alexander the Great: Alexander III of Macedon, more commonly known as Alexander the Great (356 B.C. – 323 B.C.) was the son of Philip II, King of Macedon (382 B.C. – 336 B.C.) and Olympias. Conqueror of the Persian Empire, India and Egypt. When Alexander was born, prophecies foretold by Persian soothsayers and astronomers that he was going to be the â€Å"destroyer of Asia† due to the burning of the â€Å"famous Temple of Artemis at Ephesus.† (Alexandria, City of the Western Mind) The manuscript Alexander†¦ Joe Cibulka May 16, 2011 Alexander the Great Who is the Macedonian king who beat the great Persian Empire in 329 B.C.? Alexander the Great, of course! Although he faced many challenges, Alexander III conquered the world. Alexander said`ï€  Nothing is impossible to him who tries†- Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great was born on July 20, 356 B.C. He was born in the Macedonian capitol Pella. His mother and father were Queen and King, so he was a prince. His dad was murdered by a traitor†¦ Alexander the Great   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. Even at an early age, Alexander had the promise to become a great leader. Through all his victories and conquests, he has become a great hero and has had a large impact on history. That is why I chose he book Alexander the Great, by J.R. Hamilton for my review. Hamilton does a very good job with the story of Alexander†¦ Alexander the Great seems to have been a man who relished in the excesses of life. Not only did he lust after wealth and lands, but also he sought after deification and absolute power. With regards to "With regard to bodily pleasures, [Alexander] enjoyed perfect self-control; where pleasures of the mind were concerned, he was insatiable only for men 's praise", this statement is misleading and most likely Arrian stated such only because of his admiration of Alexander (Arrian 7.28.2). Alexander commonly†¦ Alexander the Great Deserve and His Reputation Alexander the Great is known for his legacy. Most known for his strategy of conquering many cities in Europe, Alexander the Great was no stranger to war strategy. Following a series of events leading to Alexander’s father being murder the Peloponnesian War ensued and the consequences of this country showed the Greek states at their worst selfish, contentious, avaricious, and power-hungry. The crises solution was Alexander to take his father’s throne†¦ Alexander the Great seemed to be given a name fit for someone who is legendary. We all know his name today, even though he lived sixteen hundred years ago. What made him such a great man? Alexander was born to father King Phillip II and mother Olympias (formerly called Myrtale) on day six of the month Loios (Macedonian month of July). During a majority of this time, King Phillip was away fighting wars, so his mother Queen Olympias oversaw his training and instilled resentment in Alexander about†¦ Alexander the Great and His Achievements Alexander the Great was the king of Macedon. Alexander of Macedon, or ancient Mecadonia, deserves to be called the Great. Alexander the Great was considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. He was an excellent king, general, and conqueror. During his thirteen-year rule he conquered almost all the then known world and gave a new direction to history. He had established an empire after he died. His new empire helped many people live their†¦

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Article summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary - Article Example finally that CBPR would seek balance between community members and researchers/practitioners through shared co-teaching, leadership, co-learning opportunities and therefore benefit from the expertise of both community practitioners and researchers. Participatory action research was suitable for this patient population because this kind of research is especially appropriate for public health nurses working with populations and communities since it offers a framework that builds upon local community knowledge, enabling the public health nurses as well as their community partners to be sensitive not only to the culture but also ecological context. Secondly participatory action research also serves as a useful guide in development of programs suitable for promoting healthy communities and health equality. Thirdly, this kind of research also allows socio-cultural contexts, systems, and meaning to emerge through a collaborative process between community members and public health nurses. Fourthly, early research in substance use provided a firm foundation for community participation .Participation action research is also very important in the acquisition of local community’s knowledge of substance nonuse and use so as to provide a richer understanding of the health-related needs and assets of the community, environment and circumstances surrounding substance-related illness and health, population and community conditions, beliefs, attitudes as well as traditions directed toward substance nonuse or use-related health risk behaviors. Some of the unique benefits of this study revolve around the unique strategies utilized in the community participation such as mapping (Geographic Information Systems) (GIS), and Photovoice (picture-taking by members of the community as well as researchers and practitioners).GIS as a tool enables assessment and analysis of the ecological context of a population together with phenomena such as youth substance nonuse and use within a

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Battle of Algiers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Battle of Algiers - Essay Example Of particular interest is Algeria, a country in the Northern part of Africa. Earlier in the nineteenth century, Algerians used to attack European ships, and this led formation of French a representative in Algiers to ensure that piracy never occurred. One event led to another and the result was the capture of Algiers a matter that saw a war emerged between the French and Berbers who were the primary occupants of the city. After many years of war, Algeria was separated paving way for the creation of Morocco as an independent state. However, the war between French government and Algerians still continued. Further, as time passed by there were many French people in Algeria. Their population increased and as a result France sought to have Algeria as one of its colonies. After the end of the Second World War, much happened that encouraged Algerians to rebel against their guardian, France. Rebellions ensued, and there was war in every region leading to the killing of many settlers and also many of the Algerian people. The Algerian freedom fighters organized themse lves in a manner that they had earlier planned back in the days when they were under French citizenship. This was from organized labor rights groups and others who were opposed to France’s governance1. Most Algerians as any other Africans were treated as lower race to the colonialists. This angered Algerians and motivated them to revolt. Those who had been educated under the French governments system were at the forefront of the struggle. Groups had been formed as early as 1926 although they had been formed to fight for other interests other than revolting against the government of France. One of them was known as the "Star", and it was the first to call for the liberation of Algeria. The Star had grouped itself as a clique of workers of African origin but worked in France. They had come together to fight for their rights as

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Organizational Change Essay Example for Free

Organizational Change Essay Structure for Multinational Corporations: Converting a business into a Multinational organization is a complex task as it involves controlling of multiple variables with the internal and external environment of the corporation growing considerably. In order to make the task of structuring the organization easier, many multinationals simply opt to organize their business according to their geographic location and the placement of their international operations. This form of an organizational structure is simply known as the geographic based structure. However other forms of organizational structuring are also possible like â€Å"worldwide functional, worldwide product, international division, area, and matrix structures. † (Daniels, Pitts, Tretter, 1984) It is also possible for a multinational organization to have a mixed type of organizational structure which is a combination of the above mentioned structure types. The reason for this is because no organization has a finite environment and as a result it experiences different personnel dynamics. Some of the complications which come about due to these personnel dynamics are that â€Å"there may be uncertainty about who has the authority over certain decisions, especially if dual relationships exist with line and staff personnel. Managers may continue to use old labels even though the organization has changed; or a structural type may be referred to before it is completely in place. † (Daniels, Pitts, Tretter, 1984) Problem Statement: The problem that has been identified for the multinational corporation in this case is the lack of a proper chain of command for authority and delegation, which is required. This means that the organization now needs to be structured in order to have a systematic flow for operations and reporting both in the international locations and well as the local ones. Factors Effecting Multinational Corporations: The factors that are affecting this organization particularly relate to the diversity in its international locations which is going to influence the organizational design. The changes in organizational parameters such as size, diversity, foreign activity, and personnel deployment patterns often lead to shifts in multinational structure. † (Daniels, Pitts, Tretter, 1984) Other factors that influence the structure of the organization include the culture of the personnel in the working at the international locations, their work ethics, the training provided to the locals in the international locations, the kind of operations being carried out in the international location and the priority of these operations relative to the worldwide operations of the business. The Stopford and Wells model helped in identifying that multinationals with a low percentage of foreign sales and product diversity usually have structures based on the international division while those having higher degree of product diversity and low percentage of foreign sales are based on worldwide product division structures. â€Å"The international strategies involve relatively high percentages of foreign sales and the supporting structures tend to be high integration structures† (Egelhoff, 1980). Organizational Structure for the Organization: The symptoms of the problem mentioned above show that the staff of the organization at the international location is demoralized and has no sense of belonging to the organization. This is true due to the undefined nature of the corporation. By specifically identifying the chain of command and authority levels, a link between the international branches and the head office will be created which will help in encouraging a sense of belonging and purpose in the personnel. The structure of this organization will be such that the center of command and operations would be the head office in the U. S. There would be regional division based on the geographic location with a regional head office in every region. These regional head offices will be monitoring the operations in countries which come under their jurisdiction. In this manner, the reporting in the organization will be hierarchical, with the international operations reporting to their regional head quarters and the regional headquarters reporting to the head quarters in the U. S. Using this hierarchy, their would be localized operations in each country with a code of conduct dictated by the headquarters in the US. This will allow for cultural diversity in the international operations and help satisfy the personnel that they are not second class to those in the U. S. office. As the regional head office will be monitoring and controlling operations in the countries which come under it, the complaints and conflicts between the international operations will be handled by the regional head quarters whose decision would be much more acceptable to the personnel in the international offices. This kind of organizational structure will be matrix in nature where is will be dependent on the geographic location of the operations as well as the functionality of the operation divisions. â€Å"Organizing as a matrix helps bridge the gap between the international division’s inherent weakness and the commitment for fully integrated operations. †(Herbert, 1984)

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Life And Death Of 2pac :: essays research papers

The Life and Death of 2Pac In the stifling post-boxing match Las Vegas traffic jam, a new black 1996 BMW inched along impatiently, it's gold detailing glimmering brightly under the street lights. Any attempt to catch a glimpse of the passengers within the tinted windows revealed only a distorted reflection of the chaotic, yet relatively motionless urban scene. The glass sunroof slid open and a dark figure rose partly through the opening, like a tank commander surveying the horizon for signs of the enemy. Discreetly the rear window of a nearby car rolled down as it approached, and the muzzle of a gun emerged slightly. The gun, almost indiscernible from the cavernous blackness inside the car, spewed out thirteen bullets, each one punctuated by a startling yellow flash and a reverberating crack that cut through the buzz of the traffic. In one blurred and sweeping motion the black BMW roared to life, accelerating across the traffic flow and towards the oncoming cars, retreating from the scene as the dark figure collapsed li mply back into the vehicle. This incident is not a scene from a DeNiro/Pacino mobster movie. Nor is it an episode from an Oliver Stone or Quentin Tarrantino film. In fact, it is not a scene from any movie, although the story will likely wind up as a made- for-television drama. Rather, it is the dramatic finale of the life of rapper/actor Tupac Amaru Shakur, who was shot four times during this escapade while traveling from a Mike Tyson fight to a nearby club on September 7th. He later died of the wounds, after six days of intensive care and several unsuccessful operations. Tupac Amaru, or 2Pac, as he spelled it --distinguishing him from the violent Peruvian terrorist group of the same name-- was one of today's most popular "gangsta rappers." His lyrics are usually vulgar, offensive, and explicit, and glorify the type of life that he and many other gangsta rappers lead. They depict violence, drug use, crime and sexual abuse as acceptable, and as a necessary way of life. They often go so far as to threaten the lives of rappers from rival record labels, with whom he has an East/West coast disagreement resulting in sporadic violent episodes and threat volleys. Such lyrics as Tupac wrote accurately depicted his dangerous lifestyle. Unlike some other gangsta rappers who conjure the image only for money, he actually led the "thug life", as the tattoo on his stomach describes it. He was a magnet for violence, as his police record illustrates. He served eight months out of a three year sentence for sexual assault, and was to face sentencing this

Monday, November 11, 2019

Hungergames

Katniss Everdeen volunteering in Prim’s place as tribute and deciding to fight against the injustice of the Games Katniss enters slowly, stunned, and then as the realisation of the words set in, she races towards the front of the stage to face the panel. And the girl tribute for District 12 is †¦ Primrose Everdeen! Not Prim! Not my little duck! There must be some mistake! This can’t be happening! Stop! I volunteer! I volunteer as tribute in her place! I am Katniss and I wish to be Tribute for District 12. Don’t take Primrose!Katniss takes a minute to compose herself before continuing. I promise I will do whatever I can to bring victory to this District and that I will be a true and brave Tribute if you allow me to stand in for Primrose. Moving towards the fence line where her friend Gale is standing. Gale– come and get her and take her away from here. Please – watch over my Mother and my sister – make sure they are safe and fed. I have t o go! Turning on her heel, Katniss moves back to centre stage where she sees the crowd standing silently, with their three middle fingers on their left hand held to their lips.Is this really true? I see you and I understand the message you are sending me with your fingers touching your lips and then held out to me. This is our District sign – this is the sign that mearns thanks and admiration. I will try my hardest to be true to our District and to undermine this cruel and humiliating festival that is the Hunger Games. Katniss’ movements start to waver as the seriousness of what she has done starts to really sink in. She is moved to a room in the court house behind the stage.This room is where I finally await my fate and the reality of it is hitting me hard. The injustice of this reaping makes me physically ill. I want to throw up so bad! This room once seemed so big but now its walls are crushing me and closing in on me. I fear for my safety but I know I have made the right decision to stand in for Primrose. I feel so sad. Sad for my sister – tiny, sweet, delicate Prim – my â€Å"little duck†. I could never let her have to confront the degradation or torment of weeks of competition – she would not last a second.The other tributes would see her as a frightened deer – easy prey – and crush her like a bug. Pacing up and down and stopping every now and again to face the audience and look at them with conviction. Me on the other hand? At least I can hunt and I am pretty good with a bow. I am a sthronger person much more capable of looking after myself and using my wits to protect me than Prim will ever be. She is a baby! It astounds me how the Capitol can continue to hold these barbaric games.They have already taken our livelihoods and our freedom – what good could possibly come of the senseless slaughter of innocent children apart from the punishment for an uprising that happened so long ago, it is no t in my memory. Why must the children be put to death? Moves to centre stage and sits The anguish I am feeling is rising up in my chest, threatening to flood over me and cause more misery and hopelessness than I am already experiencing. But I am sthronger than that! Stands again and moves stage leftI will overcome this sense of utter desolation and take on the challenge of sticking to the Capitol in any way I can. Being led into this room reminds me of what prison must be like for those who betray the Capitol and it hardens my resolve. I am determined more than ever to fight for my freedom and the freedom of all children of Panem. We are not lambs bred to be slaughtered to teach the rest of Panem a lesson about subservience and submission. We are human beings! But am I really that brave? I am sthronger in spirit than many my age and that has got me in to all sorts of trouble so far.Maybe it will be to my advantage now. Katniss pauses and sits down pondering†¦ Maybe this was mea nt to happen. Maybe it is my task to do what I can to rebel against the insane faulty logic that governs the hearts and minds of the Capitol. I was once so close to accepting Gale’s offer to run off into the woods, to hide away from the rest of the world and live in relative safety out of the prying eyes of the all controlling, all pervasive Capitol. Now I know why that was not my fate. Katniss moves side stage and holds her It could be done!If I play cool and keep my head, I could turn this situation to my advantage. I could try to send a message to all in the Districts that Katniss Everdeen mearns business. She is not going to take this lying down. She is not going to give in to the brutality of the power-hungry Capitol, she is not a pawn to be played with like a rag doll. I must have some skills that I can use to survive this ordeal. The predators may have me in a corner and God knows, I am terrified, but a cornered animal is also a dangerous one. One wrong move, and it wi ll destroy – it has the most to lose.Katniss becomes immobilised by an overwhelming sense of inadequacy What am I talking about? I can’t possibly win. This competition is way beyond my abilities. I am reminded of Gale’s final words to me: â€Å"Katniss – it is just hunting! You’re the best hunter I know. You know how to kill – swiftly and painlessly. † But I don’t want to kill children! It’s just too awful! Katniss runs to centre stage, resolute in her conviction again. But sometimes you have to do what you have to do to begin the long journey towards justice. I will do what I must to begin this war against the Hunger Games. Starting right now.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Internet Censorship Research Paper Essay

Imagine a place where you had access to any information you needed, at any time. Some might say that this place may not exist, but others could say that this defines the Internet. The Internet gives you access to all sorts of wonderful knowledge and other content, but with good comes some bad. Countries throughout the world have begun, or are trying to begin, censoring the Internet of these bad things. Many countries in the Middle East and North African States have taken to filtering entire websites on religious grounds (Dobby) and just last year, several bills, such as SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) and Protect IP (Prevent Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property act) proposed shutting down â€Å"rogue† websites that contained copyrighted property, but Internet censorship walks the fine line between protecting the public and preventing free speech. The problem with censorship is that once it starts, there may be no stopping it, and would violate the First Amendment, freedom of speech. Mariam Adas, a Facebook campaign organizer for Jordanians against censorship, believes that there’s no way to do it right. Government will use blocking offensive/copyrighted/pornographic material as a precedent and then further block and filter other political, social and media websites (Ghazal). The aforementioned American bills, SOPA and Protect IP, where so carelessly written, that they would have the power to entirely shut down full websites, such as Facebook, Wikipedia and YouTube for content submitted by users (Hitzik). To pass censorship laws like these would totally contravene our own Amendments. Free speech is the right to speak you opinion in public without censorship. To take away that right would be unconstitutional, and un-American. For example, the British Matthew Woods, 19 years old, was sentenced to 12 weeks in jail for simply posting drunken, distasteful jokes about a recent abduction of two girls. While the remarks where horribly offensive, no one should be prosecuted for using their voice, and that voice should not be censored. Doing such will lead our culture into believing it has a right not to be offended (Chu). One of the main reasons for supporting Internet censorship is to protect children from seeing indecent materials, such as pornography. This is understandable, but it is unfair to hinder adults from viewing adult materials, and for this reason there are many ways that parents and guardians can protect their children from such things, says Adas. One may contact their internet provider, or download applications to filter out inappropriate websites (Ghazal). Filters are also placed on moral and religious standing. The dilemma is that there are many different moral and religious standings, and attempting to filter the Internet to a point that pleases every group would be impossible. People should be afforded the right to use their own discretion and self-adjudicate on what they would like digest. In the end, the issue of Internet censorship is always controversial. Nevertheless, America is a society based on freedom, and the right to free speech does not belong only to the press, but to each individual person. This freedom of should be extended to the Internet, no exceptions. A quote, by Robert A. Heinlein comes to mind: â€Å"The whole principle is wrong [censorship]; it’s like demanding that grown men live on skim milk because the baby can’t eat steak. † Works Cited Chu, Henry. â€Å"Britain Wrestles with Free Speech on Web. † Los Angeles Times. 09 Nov 2012: A. 1 SIRS Issues Researcher. Web 05 Mar 2013 Dobby, Christine. â€Å"Muslim Countries Filter Web on Faith Grounds, Report Says. † National Post. 04 Aug 2011: FP. 12. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 05 Mar 2013. Ghazal, Mohammed. â€Å"Internet Freedom Activists See Bad Precedent in Drive to Censor Porn Sites. † Jordan Times. 02 May 2012. N. P. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 27 Feb 2013. Hitzik, Michael. â€Å"Big Guns Take Aim at Internet Piracy. † Los Angeles Times. 11 Dec 2011: p. B. 1. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web 25 Mar 2013.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Definition and Examples of Interrogatives in English

Definition and Examples of Interrogatives in English In English grammar, an interrogative (pronounced in-te-ROG-a-tiv) is a word that introduces a question  which cant be simply answered with yes or no. Also known as an interrogative word. Interrogatives are sometimes called question  words because of their function, or wh- words because of their most common initial letters:  who (with whom and whose), what, where, when, why, . . . and how).  Ã‚   A sentence that asks a question (whether or not it contains an interrogative word) is called an interrogative sentence. Etymology: From the Latin, to ask Examples and Observations Thomas Klammer and Muriel SchulzInterrogatives begin direct questions. In addition to signaling that a question will follow, each plays some grammatical role in the sentence that it begins. . . . Interrogatives also function to introduce indirect questions.Edward de BonnoIf you never change your mind, why have one?Charles De GaulleHow can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of cheese?Phil EverlyIve been cheated, been mistreatedWhen will I be loved?William FaulknerWhat are you talking so loud for Nancy? Caddy said.Who, me? Nancy said.And these last fifty thousand hours? These have been spent studying the sword?William GoldmanInigo nodded.Where?Wherever I could find a master. Venice, Bruge, Budapest.Rosa ParksHe pointed at me and said, that one wont stand up. The two policemen came near me and only one spoke to me. He asked me if the driver had asked me to stand up? I said, yes. He asked me why I didnt stand up. I told him I didnt think I should have to stand up. So I asked hi m: Why do you push us around? And he told me, I dont know, but the law is the law and you are under arrest. Walker PercyWhat is the malaise? you ask. The malaise is the pain of loss. The world is lost to you, the world and the people in it, and there remains only you and the world and you no more able to be in the world than Banquos ghost. Subordinating Conjunctions and Interrogative Words James R. Hurford[S]ome, but not all, subordinating conjunctions can also occur as interrogative words, e.g. when and where. Thus when is a subordinating conjunction in I was here when you came; but it is an interrogative word in When did you come?...Some exclamations begin with the words what and how, which are also interrogative words. Examples of their use in exclamations are What a lovely baby that is! and How prettily it gurgles! But these are not interrogative sentences. Moving to Why Mitchell Stevens[N]ow that who, what, when, and where  have been cheapened by overexposure on the Internet, why has gained value. It requires thought. It sometimes requires expertise. Yet it provides an element often missing in traditional  journalism: an explanation. When applied to sources,  . . . the why enables journalists to get beyond a simple stenographic report of who is asserting what. It enables them to move toward deeper understanding.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Discuss the role of the professional nurse in relation to a public Essay

Discuss the role of the professional nurse in relation to a public health issue - Essay Example Analysis of the distinct needs and problems of mentally unfit people, as a result of alcohol abuse will be initially discussed. The role of professional nurses in order to deal with the problem will also be discussed in detail. Consumption or abuse of alcohol may be a reason or a result of mental depression and ill health. Alcoholic abuse severally affects the personal as well as professional lives of the patients. These problems may take the form of family conflict, job loss and financial problems (Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse, 2002). These issues eventually lead to serious mental problems like increased levels of anxiety and depression. But the abuser initially experiences placebo effect on consumption of alcohol, a state of feeling illusionary pleasures. Later the exploitation of alcohol starts to exert a depressing effect on the central nervous system, resulting in behavioral and mood changes (Vadlamudi, Adams, Hogan, Wu, Wahid, 2008). This results in increasing alcohol consumption to an extent that the mental health recovery becomes even more difficult. The role of nursing in influencing the mental health of great many people is highly important. The unique skills practiced by nurses in dealing with variety of patients puts a lot of pressure on their duties. Mental health nursing can be considered as one of the most multifarious and challenging fields of nursing. A mental health nurse may have to work in a group which possibly consist of general practitioners, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists and assistants or individually in dealing with public health issues. These mental health patients who feel themselves extremely excluded and rejected need not only medical but also emotional help. Hence it becomes very important to endeavor as much as possible to bring

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Criticaly examine impact of economic globalization on KURDISTAN REGION Essay

Criticaly examine impact of economic globalization on KURDISTAN REGION - Essay Example The concept of economic globalization also greatly influenced the economic growth of this region. The emergence of economic globalization influenced the region’s government to change its economic policies in way that would encourage investments and cross border trade. The Kurdish economy has undergone significant structural changes over the last few decades, and this reshaping process could be attributed to the emergence of economic globalization. This concept has greatly benefited the region to improve the living standards of its people. Today the living standards of Kurds are far better than that of the people from other parts of Iraq. In addition, the Kurdish government has recognized the importance of private sector in enhancing economic stability and sustainability of the region. This paper will critically evaluate the impacts of economic globalization on Kurdistan. 1. Economic Globalisation: Definition Globalization can be defined as â€Å"the intensification of worldwi de social relations which link distance localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa† (Giddens 2008, p.64). ... The Kurds were not trusted partners of the regime. There are many examples of actions taken that were not in the best interests either of the Kurds or the region, building less health centres, force evacuation from the villages, no primary highways to name few but many. This has resulted in an under-invested region both economically and socially. The Kurdistan region is unique at the present time in Iraq in having potentially three levels of government, National, Regional and Provincial. Still the roles and responsibilities of these levels of Government are not clear. The Kurdish society always tries to achieve self-dependence and retain the integrity of its borders. This concern is also shared by other national and international interests concern with the future of Iraq. The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) receives both cash and in-kind allocations from Baghdad amounting to about 14 percent of projected Iraqi federal revenues (World Bank, 2007). The bulk of Iraq’s federal revenues are based on oil (96 percent in the 2006 budget). However the largest cash allocation to KRG is 17 percent of a divisible pool of funds, representing all federal domestic revenues net of a number of expenditure programs. KRG’s share is based on a national estimate of KRG’s population relative to the rest of Iraq1. 1.2 Current Policies or Economic Development Objectives: â€Å"Economic growth, being a summary measure of all of the activities of an entire society, necessarily depends, in some way, on everything that goes on in a society† (Lucas 1998). In order to analyze the impacts of economic globalization on the Kurdish region, it is vital to identify the current economic development objectives of the Kurdish government. KRG economic development objectives to date are

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Globalization and Its Biggest Winners and Losers Essay

Globalization and Its Biggest Winners and Losers - Essay Example Globalization is characterized by many factors including increased international trade, multinational companies whose activities are based in several nations, great dependence on the global economy and free movement of capital goods and services. Although associated with many economic benefits to the participating nations, research has indicated that some nations fail to enjoy the benefits anticipated from globalization (Jacobs and Michael, 2003). The Biggest Winners and Losers in a Globalized World Several years of globalization efforts witnessed have led to an imbalanced economic scenario where economists have unanimously come into a consensus that globalization only favours some nations. A critical examination and comparison of both developed and undeveloped nations is a clear revelation of this reality (Bhagwati, 2004). Because of this imbalance, developed nations have emerged out as the biggest winners in a globalised world. These developed nations include America, china Canada and other nations in Europe and some parts of Asia. Undeveloped nations are mainly found in Africa and some parts of South America. Developed nation’s economies are largely industrially driven as opposed to undeveloped nations who mostly rely on agriculture as their main economic drive. The disparities evident in export levels between developed and undeveloped nations is a typical example how developed nations gain in a globalized economy as opposed to their undeveloped counterparts. A report published by an independent group of scholars and economic experts focusing on living standards in poor countries indicated living standard were worse than it was a decade ago. According to this report a fifth of the world’s richest nations were found to control 82 percent of the world export market. Direct investment is highly dominated by people from the richest with high figures of 68 percent. While majority of populations in poor countries still live below poverty levels chara cterized by widespread unemployment, a big population in developed nations are employed and they live above poverty levels (George, 2007). Globalization has led to opening up of market base, which has in turn triggered increased industrial production of various commodities in order to cater for the increased customer needs. This has seen a rapid increase of exports from developed to undeveloped nations. As a result, industrial sector in developed nations experiences a growth due to ever-growing globalization. Growth of industrial sector avails several benefits in developed nations. It facilitates growth of other sectors such as education and infrastructure further contributing to economic growth. Contrary to less developed nations, the rate of unemployment is much lower in developed nations due to ever-growing industrial sector. The level of innovativeness is also greatly supplemented by the wide variety of industries present in these nations (Roy, 2005). Over dependence of undevelo ped nations for various products from their developed counterparts has led to emergence of market monopolies, which developed nations use for their own economic gain. There has been a rise in number on international companies originating from the rich nations and expanding their market base to the less developed nations. A typical example can be drawn from china, which has expanded its market base in African countries (Scholte, 2000). The country strategically produces low quality goods, which are affordable in the African market. Because of economic status of African market, such substandard goods often remain more popular as opposed to genuine but more expensive goods. The benefits leapt through this strategy are immeasurable and have played a crucial in

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The use of progress monitoring can help provide educators with a Essay - 1

The use of progress monitoring can help provide educators with a valuable tool to improve their own teaching - Essay Example remise of the book is that moral propensities and principles are the end-result of forces of culture, laws of nature, and the contingencies of history (Shermer, 18). The author presents a contention that believers do not need to be alienated. Since the general acceptance for the existence of God makes it acceptable for one to believe that God created and laws of nature to inculcate within human beings a moral sense. Furthermore, He also inculcated moral principles within human cultures. Without religion, it would be hard to achieve morality. This remains the basic premise from which the true definition of religion can be developed, and it serves as the principal target of Shermer in his book. At the fundamental of Shermer’s argument regarding the evolution of morality, is the denotation and actual sense of religion. Shermer describes religion as a social institution that progressed as a fundamental mechanism of human philosophy (Shermer 7). The importance of the origin of reli gion was to create and promote myths with a view of encouraging cooperation and altruism. Furthermore, religion encompasses the discouragement of competitiveness and selfishness. Thus, the real meaning of religion is the revelation of the level of obligation for members of the community to unite and return goodness. Shermer poses the question; can individuals lead moral lives in the absence of recourse to a transcendent being that might or might not exist? In his query, he recognize the immediate and historic function of religious practice in inculcating moral values. He argues that the true meaning of religion enable one to develop moral character while observing ethical way of life. The author creates the most precise definition of religion. He argues that it is important to ask the following question: can individuals construct an ethical system in the absence of religion? The answer the Shermer proposes appears to be affirmative on both counts. He does not belittle or disregard human

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Logistics management plays a major role in determining overall success of companies

Logistics management plays a major role in determining overall success of companies Supply chain management Logistics management is an integrating function which coordinates and optimizes all logistics activities, as well as integrates logistics activities with other functions, including marketing, sales, manufacturing, finance, and information technology.(Jonsson, 2008, p 4) Logistics Management or Supply Chain Solutions, both play a major role in determining the overall success of a company. Major consequences are found in supply chain if there is even small variance in inventory; to overcome such consequences an effective logistics is necessary for any organisation. Logistics management involves high level of competences and expert knowledge. Managing from raw material to final stage at right place on right time is handled by logistics management. To leverage opportunity in emerging markets, companies are focusing on consolidating and aligning their supply chain management infrastructure, processes and procedures to reduce costs and improve efficiency. A Supply chain consists of the series of activities and organisations that materials move through on their journey from initial suppliers to final customers. Every product has its own unique supply chain and these can be both long and complicated. (Waters; 2003; p.7) There is a series of steps involved from the origin of services or product and its consumption. The steps involved in this are known as supply chains. The report will provide operations of McDonalds in UK and will emphasis on its supply chain management. Company Background and Introduction: McDonalds Corporation is the worlds leading food service organization. The corporation started out as a small drive-through in 1948 by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald. In addition, McDonalds opens a new restaurant every three hours. Big Mac is the biggest attraction and backbone of the corporation. Moreover, McDonalds maintains its competitive advantage by constantly creating new items to add onto its menu. This shows us that McDonalds practices an analyzer type of strategy, introducing new items and defending its existing ones. McDonalds opened its first UK restaurant October 1974. In December 2004, there were over 1330 McDonalds restaurants operating in the UK. Around 60% of these are owned and operated by the company. The remainders are operated by franchisees. Each McDonalds restaurant is structured as an independent business, with restaurant management responsible for accounting, operations, inventory control, community relations, training and human resources. Read more: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyrecruiting-selecting-training-for-success28-194-1.php#ixzz15v72oKUJ Supply chain management strategy: The complete SCP model http://www.tompkinsinc.com/publications/competitive_edge/articles/11-08-supply_chain_partnerships.asp Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion and all logistics management activities. Companies adopt supply chain management to ensure that supply chain is operating efficiently and providing high level of customer satisfaction with low cost. SCM integrates the demand and supply management within and across companies. (Jonsson; 2008; p .5) The quick-service-restaurant (QSR) giant has built an entire process over the years for managing a sophisticated delivery system, starting on the live-animal production side and running all along the supply chain until products reach their final destination as McDonalds customers favourite. Nature and Operation of Organisation: McDonalds Corporation is the world largest chain of fast food restaurant, serving more that 58millions customer every day. A McDonalds restaurant is operated by either franchisee or the corporate itself. The corporation revenue generates from rent, royalties and fees paid by franchisees and also from sales in company operated McDonalds. The menu is consists hamburgers , cheeseburgers , chicken and fish products , French fries , breakfast menu , soft drinks ,shakes and desserts. (McDonalds Website n.d.) Logistics Service Providers: Many organisations do not perform many of their own logistics activities. They arrange logistics service providers to take advantage of efficient and experienced specialists to look after the transport, while the organisation can concentrate on its core operations. An organisation mainly forms a partnership with other company to look after warehousing, purchase of material, material handling and many of the other functions of logistics. When one company uses other companies to run its logistics are known as third party or 3PL or contract logistics. For McDonalds Key stone distribution works as a 3PL. (Waters; 2003; p.90) Keystone Distribution UK is a subsidiary of Keystone Foods LLC, which provides food manufacturing and distribution services to quite a large amount of customers in America, Asia, and Europe. Keystone distribution was formed in 1977 in partnership with McDonalds for its UK baker of hamburger bun and since then company is progressing along with McDonalds. Keystone distributor has been efficiently supplying everything to its existing client need to run the business successfully. Keystones manages a large part of McDonalds UK supply chain and replenishing its 1200 UK stores from mops and ketchup to the essential ambient , fresh , frozen foods that makes up the McDonalds menu. (Logistic Business IT Website; 09.Nov.2009) Structure of Supply Chain: Structuring the supply chain requires an understanding of the demand patterns, service level requirements, distance considerations, cost elements and other related factors. (Rock ford Consulting Website N.D.) Moving of material inward is upstream and outward is downward. The upward activities are divided into tiers of suppliers. A supplier that sends materials directly to the operations is first tier supplier; one that send materials to a first tier supplier is a second tier supplier; one that sends material to a second tier supplier is a third tier supplier and so on to the original source. Customers are also divided into tier. One that gets product directly from the operations is first tier customer and so on to final customers. (Waters; 2003; p.8) http://www.gmtonline.com.my/solutions/B2B/pic/rosett1.jpg http://www.gmtonline.com.my/solutions/B2B/rosettanet_b2b_supply_chain.asp McDonalds deals with different suppliers for its different products and ultimately which aims to provide customers great taste and on affordable price. McDonalds has been working in partnership with household brand such as with Coca cola, Tropicana and Buxton who act as second tier supplier because they supply its products to keystone distribution who works for McDonalds as first tier supplier. Also there are number of other suppliers such as Sun Valley and Moy Park who supply McDonalds with Chicken product all these works as second tier supplier for McDonalds. Also Ecsa, the makers of the beef patties who are key for success of supply chain also supplies its product to McDonalds first tier supplier (Keystone Distributors). All the different supplier deals with Keystone Distributor, who then sends material directly to McDonalds to run the business smoothly by providing on affordable prices, delivering products on time and helps in outward movement of orders and receiving payments fro m customers. Overall, keystone is a important player in structure of supply chain for making upward and downward activity successful. (Make up your own mind Website; March 2009) Managing the supply chain: As the McDonalds UK distributor, its the responsibility of keystone to provide the perfect service and product every time they need and also to coordinate the requirement of hundreds of McDonalds around UK. They work along the supply chain ensuring the quality and reliability is kept while passing delivery to restaurant. In order to achieve this Keystone uses the latest technology and software to work closely with McDonalds marketing and business plan. Keystones ensures managing peak and troughs as they come along for keeping smooth supply chain and ensures there are no out of stocks. On an average Keystone carries five days inventory in their store and delivers three to four times per week inventory in each restaurant. To meet that delivery they have 300 vehicles, tractors and trailers which help them to run these logistic operations within UK and including the Isle of Man and channels Island by delivering around one million cases each week. Their biggest challenge is ensure those v ehicles arrive at the restaurants on time and containing everything being ordered and meeting 100 percent quality of product including frozen, chilled or dry. (Business Review Europe website 10th.July.2010) Inventory Control at McDonalds: McDonalds introduced in 2004 a central stock management function known as Restaurant supply Planning Department. The team build these factors into the new planning and forecasting system called Manugistics which forecast likely demand of finished menu items such as Big Macs. McDonalds deals in three types of stock like every business has: Raw Material: These ingredients go into producing finished product. They are buns, beef patties, paper cups and packaging in case of McDonalds. They are delivered three and five times a week. There are three sections of raw material Frozen, chilled, ambient which arrive together in one lorry so that each product can be stored at their suitable temperature. Work-in-progress: The process of being made into finished product is referring to as Work-in-progress. A Big Mac consists of a bun, two beef patties, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions, sauce and a small amount of seasoning. The restaurant waits until the order is placed so that Big Macs stays hot and fresh when served. Finished Stock: The product ready for immediate sale to customer are known as finished products. At lunch time and busy evening hours restaurant will have range of Big Macs and chickens ready for sale to customers. First-in-first-out method is used to handle all stock whether raw material, work-in-progress, or finished product, in order to minimise waste and also it helps in providing fresh food at all time to each and every customer. Inventory Management: The process of making sure there is enough stock at all times to meet customer demand whilst minimising expensive waste is known as stock management. High cost is involved in holding too much stock so McDonalds uses lean stock control method to save money. Inventory ordering manager work with the new stock control system, Manugistics, to ensure sufficient raw stock is available. This helps restaurant to produce the meals required according to the forecasted demand. Forecast is done on the basis of restaurant historic product-mix data from last year, store-specific and national causal factors such as national promotions and school holidays, information from store managers about factors that might affect demand .e.g. road closure or local events and new promotions. Restaurant manager need to ensure that the data they enter into the system is as accurate possible. Every day restaurant manager record opening and closing stock of key food items. Other items are recorded weekly and monthly basis. The store computers system identifies any stock count deviations from last stock count so it gives opportunity to manager to investigate missing product. For example, the manager may have missed off a box of regular meat while counting them earlier on the shift. Ordering Process: The ordering process involves holding a small buffer stock. This is extra amount of inventory held to meet any unexpected higher demand. Inventory manager uses a web based communication software called Weblog to view and amend store order proposals. Each time of ordering weblog creates a proposed order to analyse and amend if necessary. Weblog helps managers to view what quantity have been ordered, how much is the current stock level and how much stock is due to be delivered at a particular time. The system automatically generates a delivery note that gives the exact quantities and descriptions of the delivery. The manager has to click confirm on weblog when they finishes selecting amount of inventory they needed to use. Serving Customer: Competition and increasing consumer preference for variety and healthier food makes McDonalds to expand the range of menu. Customers entering into McDonalds are divided into those who know about menu and those who are new and coming to restaurant first time and are not familiar with menu. Apart from selling food items by itself McDonalds also sell Extra Value meals which consist of a burger, fries and a drink. When customers reaches the front counter and place their order, the till person applies two selling technique. The selling up technique where order is changed by asking customer by suggesting larger portion and also by adding extra item such as drink and another one is suggestive selling technique where any item extra is being asked to sell each and every customer. For example if customers comes and buys two three adults meal and one two children meal and they are being asked if they wanted to buy two apple pies for  £1.50. The till person punches the order on to their till. There are some standard food items which are meant to be held in production bin, the counter person pick the food what is being ordered in a specific sequence which involves cold drinks first, and then hot drinks second, then fries and at last burgers. If a particular food item is not available in the production bin, then the counter person calls the order to the production person who then calls the food order to the grill area. Certain food products in slack period are cooked to order due to their less demand and to avoid waste. When the order in not ready the till person ask the first customer to pay and wait aside if its take away order and if its eat in they ask customer to take a sit and order will be brought to your table, and start dealing with the next person in the line. Every time till person completes the order there is a button served which is to be punched in order to let computer know that the order is finished. As if it not done the computer will not allow taking eleventh order. So every time order is done its necessary to serve it off. Performance Improvement: Keystone manages the supply chain to ensure that there is always sufficient stock to fulfill demand when orders are received. The companys integrated order and management system prints colour coded descriptive picking labels which aid restaurants in stock rotation. Orders are then collated on to a purpose built trailer designed for the simultaneous delivery of frozen, chilled and ambient product stored at appropriate temperatures. This ensures that the restaurants complete order is supplied in one delivery, whilst maintaining the product in perfect condition. This process works extremely well, but there is always room to improve processes. Keystone is working on an initiative that it hopes will further advance the efficiency of the companys operations. Were reviewing the whole of the delivery schedule as well as the entire delivery system in conjunction with McDonalds to try and find a more cost effective and equally eco-friendly delivery schedule with them, says Assal. Thats a major project for us at the moment and were working on that in detail. That will be rolled out in the coming months and it will produce a major cost benefit to the whole McDonalds supply chain. Its also important for Keystones environmental policy to chime with McDonalds high profile efforts in this area. All packaging within our distribution centres, both cardboard and plastics, is collected and recycled we recycle everything from office stationery down to warehouse packaging. At present, we run all our vehicles on diesel that contains five percent bio-diesel. But were working on a project to use 100 percent bio-diesel in all our vehicles by the end of this year, instead of fossil fuel diesel. We believe that will have a neutral effect on the business; it will neither be a cost benefit or a cost saving. We also have a number of initiatives light sensitive switches, low consumption bulbs in our warehouses. We try to play our part and do what we can to reduce our carbon footprint. Its policies like these that make Keystone a truly progressive company, and one that is moving with the times, just as McDonalds updates its operations for a changing fast service industry. http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/budget/ontariobudgets/2004/images/papere2.gif http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/budget/ontariobudgets/2004/papere.html http://lh4.ggpht.com/_k0ovfY0NP70/TGAHWC5Pc-I/AAAAAAAABdY/3kLGhdxvHNk/s800/mcdonalds.PNG http://iamjamesward.wordpress.com/2010/08/09/there-is-only-one/ The diagram below shows the forward flow of materials from upstream to downstream, the bidirectional flow of information, and the movement of money from downstream to upstream. http://www.vivaceproject.com/showcase_html/supply%20chain%20simulation/introduction%20to%20supply%20chain_image1.jpg Flows in the supply chain (from Spekman et al [1998]) http://www.vivaceproject.com/showcase_html/supply%20chain%20simulation/introduction%20to%20supply%20chain.htm It is easy to see that these factors are highly variable in nature and this variability needs to be considered during the supply chain analysis process. Moreover, the interplay of these complex considerations could have a significant bearing on the outcome of the supply chain analysis process. http://rockfordconsulting.com/supply-chain-management.htm

Friday, October 25, 2019

Dimensional Argument Against the Snowball Earth Hypothesis :: essays research papers

A most recent inquiry into climatic change during the ice age and it's possibility of reoccurring is the Snowball Earth Hypothesis advanced by Paul Hoffman of Harvard University. Snowball Earth Suggest that before the Ice age, continents ice free at the poles enhanced the reabsorption of carbon dioxide through erosion of silicate minerals, reducing the greenhouse effect making the earth colder until it reached a runaway point. This effect is Hoffman calls albedo, when the atmosphere becomes so cold it can never warm up again. This is what occurred during the ice age, until volcano activity saturated the atmosphere with carbon dioxide to a point that it trapped radiation from the Sun and rewarmed the climate causing glacial thaw. Evidence of this event is cap carbonates that show relative dating at the ice age, found in abundance in several different world regions, at certain levels the cap carbonates would indicate if carbon dioxide was emitted into the atmosphere, by showing carbon levels that would demonstrate how much photosynthesis was occurring. Iron rich rock deposits indicate that absents of oxcidation would mean the atmosphere contain no oxygen, without oxygen their is no life, therefore other evidence of total extinction. So experts dispute the oceans were encased beneath a kilometer thick sheet of ice sheet, or that all life became extinct. The evidence of the Snowball effect is challenged that levels of carbon had not reached those required to satisfy the model and that alternative models are possible to explain the arrival and conclusion of the ice age. Iron had not oxidized because the glacials prevented contact with the atmosphere that would of subjected these rocks to mechanical weathering. The Snowball Earth Hypothesis bases its theory on an invalid model of earth at that time. Ancient earth of the Proterozoic 750 million years ago existed in a separate dimension then what the model is based upon. There wasn't much of an ocean completely beneath a glacial sheet of ice a kilometer thick. The plate tectonic model of pangaea locates it with Antarctica, this shifts the planetary land of the continents to one hemisphere and connects it with already glacial covered Antarctica. So rather than ice on the ocean around the Antarctica, the glaciation would be linked on pangaea surface; wouldn't this detrital effect sort of conduct the refrigeration and branch out the glacial even further into the continent, instead of a lack of CO2, temperature variation occurs from extended glacial mass that colds everything within reach of its frost thermal gradient, slightly different sort of albedo than Snowball Earth describes.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Dramatic Impact in Act 3 of The Crucible Essay

There are many different ways/techniques in which miller creates dramatic impact in act 3. It all starts in the beginning when the play is set off-stage, ‘The room is empty’, which creates an air of mystery and make people hear and listen hard to what is going on. It also makes the audience/reader wonder who the new voices are (Hathorne and Danforth). Then when Giles roars into the court, ‘I have evidence for the court’, the audience who are so concentrated on hearing will immediately jolt and get a fright from the noise and there starts the drama. The dramatic structure of this act plays a key role in the dramatic impact/tension of the act. It starts off with a bang, then goes down in tension, then rises to another climax, continuously. An example of this is: in the beginning Giles roars into court, then this is questioning and explaining, ‘Your Excellency, I only said she were readin’ books†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which lowers the tension then Fransis shws his deposition and the tension and expectation rises again. Most of the act rises and falls in this manner. This technique emphasizes the dramatic points in the play because it sort of isolates them between parts that aren’t so dramatic. All the little high drama points in the act are leading to the main one in the end. The 3 depositions, Nurse’s, Giles’s and Mary’s, create huge drama in the way that they are presented and out hopes are raises that the court will see justice and then turned down by the court for a small reason. For example: Giles deposition, which stated that Putnam was out for land, was turned down because he wouldn’t give the name of the witness, ‘Why, I-I can not give you his name’. This raising of our hopes then destroying them, continuously, mirrors the impact of the structure of the act. The mention and showing of each deposition creates high drama/tension and as each deposition is destroyed, the dram and our hopes go down. Another dramatic point in this act, of course, is the girls. When they start seeing â€Å"spirits†, ‘A wind, a cold wind, has come’ the tension is raised because the audience knows they are lying but doesn’t know if the court will believe it. They claim that Mary is threatening them with her spirit, ‘Why do you come yellow bird?’ and this threatens Proctor and Mary’s deposition. While the girls are constantly â€Å"seeing spirits† and â€Å"chanting†, they are luring Mary back into their grasp and Proctor notices this, ‘with a hysterical cry Mary Warren starts to run. Proctor catches her’ and this prompts a huge dramatic part in the act: Proctors confession. Knowing Proctors character as a law obeying man with a good reputation and wanting to keep it, this confession shocks the audience and is a big dramatic high. The beginning of the confession is the main shocker to the audience and the court, ‘How do you call Heaven! Whore! Whore!’. When the court decides to look further into Proctors claim of adultery, they call in Elizabeth, who Proctor says never lies. When she lies, presumably for the first time, this is another high point in the act. She, and the audience, realizes what she has done and everyone gets scared and fears the worst. The end is the most dramatic part of the play because Proctor says that he and Danforth are Evil, ‘I see his filthy face! And it is my face, and yours, Danforth’ and this surly means (to the audience) Proctor will be charged heavily. With the hero in jail, what is left for the rest of Salem? This is what the audience will ask themselves. Another part at the end of the act which shows drama is when Hale denounces the court because, as the main priest and witchcraft expert in this ‘trail’ he is supposed to be righteous and tells us that Hale is someone who now really believes the girls are lying. Not only the content of the act but also Millers development and introduction of the characters create dramatic impact. Two main once stand out as very dramatic are Danforth and Hale. The introduction of Danforth in this act, I would consider, is a dramatic point because he is quite stern and the audience no idea what to expect from him. Will he be fair? Will he side with Abigail? The audience is faced with a mystery. All the other characters have been mentioned before and we have an idea of who they are and what to expect from them. With Danforth, especially him being in a position of extreme power, it is dramatic that we don’t know what he is like. In the beginning of the play, we understood that Hale was a self important man who wanted to seem the hero and wasn’t afraid to cry witchery on someone. During this act, he is defensive and doesn’t exactly believe in all the ‘witches’. It is al if he thinks he has caused all this and wants to fix it. ‘Is every defense an attack upon the court?’, ‘Excellency, a moment. I think this goes to the heart of the matter’. He is starting to side more with Proctor in believing this is all the girls and they may have caused this. It his the last quote of Proctors sums up what is going on in act 3 and why it is so dramatic: ‘You are pulling Heaven down and raising up a whore!’. We, as the audience, know things the characters don’t (dramatic irony) and this is a great example. We know the girls are lying, but the court and many people don’t, they believe the ‘whore’ and not ‘heaven’ (the whore being Abigail and Heaven being truth and righteousness).

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Discuss – Whether or not we should use animals

The use of animals for medical research is a debatable issue with some claiming that for the benefit of science, medical research needs animals and testing on animals is a necessity for the progress of science. Others argue that it is unethical to use animals and any other form of life as some of this research would involve killing of the animals and this is completely unacceptable even for the sake of progress of science. Other alternative methods to killing and using animals should be used for research and study and animals should not be directly used, abused and killed. In fact people advocating protection of wild life and related policies are against the capture and indiscriminate use of nature’s resources even if it is in the grab of betterment for humanity.   This essay deals with both sides of the debate showing the advantages and disadvantages of using animals for testing for betterment and advancement of medical research.Part IWhy animal testing is plausible and can be usedIn most cases, most pharmaceutical companies try new drugs on animals first and also try new chemicals or use animal anatomy to understand human anatomy. Many people believe that medical research as practised by big pharmaceutical companies use animals unethically for business gains and profits. The medical companies have their own research and development units where new drugs are initially tested on animals, especially rats or guineapigs and the effects of these drugs are then generalized on to humans a many clinical symptoms of animals are similar to what is expected in humans.Thus if new drugs are not effective or have adverse impact on animals, the same could be presumed in case of humans for the same drug. This generalization factor is important as companies and scientists claim that they use animals to understand the effects of drug on humans or simply to understand the structure and functions of human by studying animals as it would not be possible to study humans an d their body parts directly and it would also be completely wrong to apply new drugs or use new medicines for illnesses on humans directly without knowing what effects these would have on the body.In fact although before releasing a new drug in the market, companies conduct clinical trials on volunteers after testing these on animals and volunteers get paid for this. Yet the ethical aspect of this, or trying new drugs on humans is again debated but then this is the way medical research has to work otherwise new drugs will not be tested. It is again controversial whether new drugs could be tested artificially say with technical or robotic manipulation and whether drugs could be used on humans directly without testing on animals. How ethical would that be and thus there are two points here that touches on ethical issues.In the first case, animal testing would be unethical and yet testing medicines directly on humans without testing on humans would again be unethical as adverse consequ ences can directly affect human volunteers. For this reason it is almost necessary to test new drugs on animals first before testing them on humans as long as there is no suffering to animals and as long as there is some general research progress expected from such tests.Most people consider animal testing acceptable within limits. In one study by Fenwick and Fraser (2005), drug regulatory reviewers and pharmaceutical industry experts and scientists were interviewed to explore different perspectives on obstacles and opportunities of replacement, refinement and reduction or the three Rs in drug research and development (Fenwick and Fraser, 2005). The study found that most scientists and researcher generally tend to support the use of animals in medical research and suggested that the level of animal use is acceptable in pharmaceutical industry and replacing the use of animals would not be a feasible idea.Part II –Why animal testing is unethical and should not be usedIn the stu dy above by Fenwick and Fraser (2005) the three Rs have been considered as necessary in changing animal research. However this could be implausible as there are obstacles to applying the replacement or refinement of animal testing as there is a lack of non-animal alternatives and other alternatives may not fulfill the needs for statistical validity and industry. Also regulators could depart from certain patterns of animal use and in some cases commercial objectives are more important than following the three Rs. Less animal-testing could also jeopardize human safety according to some.However three Rs with replacement and refinement in testing could mean genetically modified animals and better animal models with drug use on gene actions and changes. The re-use of animals and using sufficient number of animals are also some of the issues. In some cases regulatory studies are combined so that animal data is minimized yet fulfill regulatory requirements.Fenwick and Fraser (2005) suggest ed that following the three Rs would be in accordance with industry priorities and validation of alternative methods would also be necessary. Greater consensus would be required in certain areas of disagreement related to animal testing according to the authors and these are issues related to death and re-use of animals and also whether pilot studies and alternative methods would contribute to reduction in the number of animals (Fenwick and Frazer, 2005).Thus animal use and testing is consider unethical due to matters related to death and reuse of animals and the use of too many animals could also be reduced with better more advanced tests that would require fewer samples and could be done more efficiently.Part III –Summary of both the viewsThus as seen, there are many reasons for which animal testing could be useful or even unethical. Death of animals would be suggesting against it and medial progress and usefulness for human drugs would be the strong points. It is important to develop alternative methods of testing that could replace the use of animals in medical research and according to Wilcox (1998), the US Food and Drug Administration or FDA is committed to facilitating the development and validation of new testing methods that could reduce or minimize the use of animals. The international science community has been challenged to develop and discover methods that could obviate the need for animals for extrapolation to human situations and conditions in case of pharmaceutical research.The appropriate mechanisms of toxicity and hazard and safety decisions should be known and the FDA is focused on protecting public health by successfully integrating science and social causes. The agency’s broad regulatory responsibilities relate to understanding the use of vaccines, drugs, blood supply and medical devices as also veterinary drugs and animal feed. The FDA has been in regulating the principles and alternatives of animal testing in medical resear ch.The FDA tries to identify the gaps between industry and academia especially in terms of communication or data gaps and methods gaps and supports in developing new research data and methods to find alternative methods of testing for drugs aiding in the regulatory decision making process. Wilcox (1998) suggests that a new paradigm introducing new and validated testing methods for the FDA scientists is emerging and this is responsible for application and acceptance of regulations in testing.A study by Williams et al (2007) investigated the use and impact of animal testing for research and teaching purposes and the awareness of these regulations among public and the opinions related to this. In a study by Williams et al, an independent telephone study was conducted to collect information on awareness and interest in the use of animal testing for medical research and whether individuals have confidence in such regulations and principles.The study obtained data from 750 individuals in NZ and 33% of the respondents expressed interest in the issue with 39% interested in animal testing for research and 21% showed interest for teaching purposes. Most respondents between 68%-72% suggested that animal testing would be acceptable if there is no unnecessary suffering to the animal and that regulated within the principles of medical research.However most people felt that animal research would be completely justified in case of research on life threatening and debilitating illnesses such as cancer and would also be justified when testing cosmetics and products that can do little or no harm to the animals.   8% of the respondents knew something about regulations dealing with animal testing in medical research.Williams et al (2007) thus suggested from the study that majority of the individuals were not interested in the issue although most who did accepted that animal testing is completely acceptable as long as there is no unnecessary suffering or in case of minimal advers ity or in case of medicines for life threatening illness. Thus there may be certain social opinions on the use of such drug trials on animals considering the seriousness of the research and the results expected.BibliographyAndreas-Holger MaehleGeneral Conclusions: Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutic InnovationClio Medica/The Wellcome Series in the History of Medicine, â€Å"Drugs on Trial† by A-H. Maehle , pp. 311-315(5)Fenwick, N.P.;  Fraser, D.The Three Rs in the pharmaceutical industry: perspectives of scientists and regulatorsAnimal Welfare, Volume 14,  Number 4, 2005, pp. 367-377(11)Gerdts, Volker;  Littel-van den Hurk, Sylvia van Drunen;  Griebel, Philip J;  Babiuk, Lorne AUse of animal models in the development of human vaccinesFuture Microbiology, Volume 2,  Number 6, 2007, pp. 667-675(9)Roberts, Stephen M.Ethical Issues in the Use of Data from Testing of Human Subjects to Support Risk AssessmentHuman and Ecological Risk Assessment, Volume 7,  Numb er 6, 2001 , pp. 1569-1573(5)Williams, V.M.;  Dacre, I.T.;  Elliott, M.Public attitudes in New Zealand towards the use of animals for research, testing and teaching purposesNew Zealand Veterinary Journal, Volume 55,  Number 2, 2007, pp. 61-68(8)Wilcox N.L.FDA position on validation and acceptance of alternative methodsToxicology Letters, Volume 95, Supplement 1, 1998 , pp. 31-31(1)